Crise hídrica no Paraná: indíces pluviométricos entre os anos de 1990 à 2021, variações, causas e implicações para a economia e população

Abstract

The water crisis that Paraná is experiencing is unprecedented in the last 90 years. Therefore, the objective of this work is the phenomena El Niño and La Niña play a relevant role in the anomalies in the temporal distribution of rainfall, causing, respectively, an increase or decrease in precipitation in periods of marked variation in the average temperature of the Pacific Ocean. The lack of rain corroborates several sectors of society. According to DERAL, losses in soybeans represent more than R$23 billion, corn losses total R$2.2 billion and losses in beans exceed R$395 million. This entire amount will no longer circulate in the Paraná economy, affecting practically all segments. The measures that must be adopted by the Paraná Sanitation Company – SANEPAR, together with public policies, must not only be emergency and immediate, they must be planned and implemented with a view to the long term. The objective this present was the problem caused by the water crisis, mainly at the level of the State of Paraná, which has worsened since 2019, both in terms of river basins and in the classification of the state's mesoregions. The thesis was structured into three articles. This study is characterized as bibliographic, documentary, quantitative and qualitative. Historical series of 30 years (1990 to 2020) of precipitation were collected from all meteorological stations present in the different municipalities of the state. The rainfall indices were collected in the Hydrological Information System of the Instituto das Águas do Paraná – IAT (IAT, s/d). The research problem has quantitative aspects, as with quantitative data on precipitation rates, it can be associated with economic, social and health issues, which were affected by the lack of rain. For statistical analysis, the Scott Knott test was applied. Comparisons were made between the different river basins, also between the years of the study, as well as analyzing the different mesoregions of the state and making a comparison with the years under study. Associations were also made so that the comparisons were more representative, such as the areas analyzed and the amount of rainfall recorded in the periods. The lack of rain corroborates several sectors of society. According to DERAL, losses in soybeans represent more than R$23 billion, corn losses total R$2.2 billion and losses in beans exceed R$395 million. The domestic and industrial use of this resource ends up becoming more costly in terms of expenses and this leads to financial unavailability for other items also necessary for daily activities. In addition, there is also a restriction on human and domestic use, which may contribute to public health problems. Of the 16 basins studied, 13 had the highest rainfall in 2015 during the analyzed period. Among the lowest rainfall obtained in the study, the basins concentrated these values in the years 2019, 2020 and 2021, with the year 2020 being more critical, as 11 basins showed lower rainfall accumulation. The drought causes impacts that go beyond the supply of water for public supply. Considerable losses in agricultural production have already been recorded, there is an increase in the occurrence of fires throughout the State and also in the incidence of health problems. According to the State News Agency (2021), in July 2021, there were 1,505 fires in Paraná, 125% more than in the same month last year, when 669 occurrences were confirmed. In the first days of August, occurrences more than doubled, increasing from 674 records between the 1st and 8th of August, compared to 329 in the same period of 2020. In the State of Paraná, as highlighted by ANA (2020), several urban water supply came close to collapse in 2019. This situation was no different in 2020. Paraná, especially the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, presented a low volume of rainfall and, consequently, a severe water crisis in 2020.