Sistemas de tratamento de esgoto no meio rural: uma avaliação de experiências no município de Francisco Beltrão, Iretama e Campo Mourão - PR

Abstract

The lack of basic sanitation in Brazil is alarming, nearly half of the population does not have adequate care, especially in rural areas where, generally, there is no sewage system and treatment plants. Given this, it is important to look at this reality and seek to develop actions and techniques to meet these residents in order to ensure quality of life and reduce environmental impacts. Whereas the collection networks and sewage treatment plants (WWTP) practically do not exist in rural areas, alternative systems, in addition to black pits (inadequate) and septic tanks (widely recommended), can contribute to the expansion of the disposal and treatment adequate domestic wastewater (sewage). Thus, the central objective of this research was to discuss the problems of rural sanitation and evaluate the effectiveness of three different alternative wastewater treatment systems in rural areas, identifying whether they have contributed to the reduction of environmental impacts, particularly in water and soil. The systems in question were built in rural establishments of family farmers in the municipalities of Francisco Beltrão, Iretama and Campo Mourão, through projects developed by the State University of Western Paraná (UNIOESTE), campus of Francisco Beltrão and the State University of Paraná (UNESPAR), campus of Campo Mourão. The system developed by Francis UNIOESTE in the system was called Site Biosséptico so that four experiments were analyzed. Already the two systems developed by UNESPAR were the Basin Evapotranspiration systems (with four experiments analyzed, two in Campo Mourão and two in Iretama) and Vertical tire system (with an analyzed experience in the municipality of Iretama). Therefore, we evaluated systems in nine farms. Given this objective for analysis of the sewage treatment efficiency, delimit some physicochemical parameters for the release of sewage back into the environment, stipulated by the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), the State Secretariat of Environment and Water of Parana Resources (SEMA) and the Environmental Institute of Paraná (IAP). Thus, the following parameters were analyzed: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Hidrogenônico potential (pH), phosphorus, nitrogen and oils and greases. Yet for understanding the effectiveness of each system were outlined two batteries of effluent collected for analysis, one in the first half of 2018 and another collection of battery in the second half of 2018. With results obtained from the first battery and the second battery collected by means of the parameters, Evapotranspiration the basin system has shown better treatment of domestic wastewater. The Vertical tire system was not analyzed in this first heat due to reforms in the farmer's house, however, in the second battery, the system showed a positive efficiency in the treatment of domestic sewage. The system Site Biosséptico showed high rates in relation to current regulations for release of sewage. However, it is necessary to consider that the biossépticos raised, both as solid waste liquids are deposited together, while in the evaporation basin system, there is a previous separation of the solid waste in relation to the wastewater. Another important aspect to be considered in evapotranspiration bowl system and Construction Biosséptico is that effluents will not return to the environment, they are closed systems, which allow for the decomposition of sewage plants and bacteria. Therefore, these systems evaluated can be considered efficient, unlike vertical tire system that the effluent back to the middle, but this system has more processes of sewage treatment. However, when comparing the three types of alternative systems, we conclude that the process of separation of solid and liquid effluents appeared more suitable in removing the contaminant sewage potential rurais.Parte establishments below form But this system has more processes of sewage treatment. However, when comparing the three types of alternative systems, we conclude that the process of separation of solid and liquid effluents appeared more suitable in removing the contaminant sewage potential rurais.Parte establishments below form But this system has more processes of sewage treatment. However, when comparing the three types of alternative systems, we conclude that the process of separation of solid and liquid effluents appeared more suitable in removing the contaminant sewage potential rurais.Parte establishments below form.