Inovações tecnológicas para a industrialização distribuída e centralizada de resíduos orgânicos - Projeto DAI-CNPQ

Abstract

Organic waste from various sources often constitutes the largest fraction of the total waste composition and at the same time presents a significant potential for contamination. This characteristic is widely observed due to the intrinsic properties of these residues, which favor the proliferation of contaminating agents. It is therefore crucial to consider appropriate management and treatment measures to minimize the risks associated with these wastes. Although there are several technologies for the treatment of these residues, such as anaerobic digestion, composting, vermicomposting, dehydration and incineration, most of them have low potential for adding value, restrictions in the application on an artisanal scale and technological bottlenecks. These factors make it difficult to take full advantage of the great potential for using waste. In this context, for two processing scenarios (distributed and centralized), the general objective of this work was to develop processes with innovative technologies that allow the use of organic waste on an industrial scale, incorporating knowledge that facilitates the obtaining of innovative products with high added value. To this end, the methodology included carrying out 5 stages: 1) characterization of the source generating organic waste; 2) exploration of methods, processes and technologies for treating organic waste; 3) development and proposition of alternative processes and technologies for the differentiated industrialization of organic waste; 4) the assessment of intellectual protection requirements; and 5) the analysis and systematization of the results. The main results comprise: the diagnosis of the current scenario with an explanation of the segregated potential for organic waste generation in urban (ROU) and rural (ROR) areas (Ex. ROU in Brazil is 116,058.54 t.day-1, in Paraná 6,273 .24 t.day-1, Toledo 77.69 t.day-1); alternatives for the treatment of organic waste, on an industrial scale, based on distributed processing (applied in a municipality with 35,321 households) and centralized processing (in an industrial complex with a capacity of 189.49 t.day-1); three processes, with innovative characteristics, the first for the distributed treatment of organic waste (obtaining 5 products with added value), the second for the centralized treatment of organic waste (obtaining 25 products with high added value) and the third for obtaining liquid coelomic and worm carcasses (main transformation process); technologies, with innovative characteristics, based on the study of the operational conditions of the processes of transformation of organic residues (OR) constituted by a helical modular earthworm and technologies of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) to carry out the monitoring, control and processing of data for RO industrialization processes; and intellectual production in the form of articles, patents, computer programs, SCADA systems and industrial designs. The consequence of this will be the viability of 100% use of organic waste, in this case through the use of organic waste segregated at source. In this way, the technical elements are presented to promote the industrialization of organic waste in line with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.