O sujeito guarani: o discurso da sustentabilidade nas comunidades indígenas (2003/2013)

Abstract

By making a rereading of History, is it fundamental to discuss and investigate the existent discourses related to the Indians in Brazil. Discourses produced throughout History go from the politics to the religious ones, from the ethnic to the social, and are shifted from a field to another producing meaning effects in the Brazilian social imaginary which, in certain conditions of production, make established pre-constructions arise. Itaipu Binacional, concluded in 1982, is the largest dam in the world, according to its energy production, and its construction is not detached from the History and trajectory of the Guarani indigenous people in the region of the Triple Frontier (of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). Nowadays, according to the discourse of Itaipu Binacional selected in our corpus of analysis, composed by the DVD Tradição Guarani and the newspapers Cultivando Água Boa and Jornal da Itaipu Eletrônico (JIE), the institution has the compromise to value the specificities of the contemporary Guarani traditions, promote their way of being (Teko) and assure the respect towards the difference and diversity, all through a ―sustainability model‖ generated by the Cultivando Água Boa Program. From what the theoretical and methodological framework of the French Discourse Analysis School allows, we have the objective of investigating the discursive materiality divulged by the binational company in order to understand its meanings, which denotes a relation between language inserted in history. In this perspective, this work aimed at analyzing in what manner and in what this company is based in order to produce and withstand its position towards the sustainability of the indigenous communities of the Tekohas Añetete, Itamarã and Ocoy; what are the meaning effects produced; and what is silenced in its discourse. For that, discursive sequences from the DVD Tradição Guarani sustentabilidade nas comunidades indígenas, produced by Itaipu Binacional in 2009, were analyzed. The DVD had the support of the Cultivando Água Boa Program, of the Parque Tecnológico de Itaipu and of the Ñandeva project, responsible for the initial commerce of the DVDs produced. Besides, discursive sequences present in the newspapers Jornal Cultivando Água Boa and Jornal da Itaipu Eletrônico (JIE) were also analyzed, as well as the photographs and images that compose the news. In general, we make evident the meanings and the relations present in the discourses about sustainability in traditional Guarani communities in the West of Paraná, Brazil, over all in the ideological constructions spread from these discourses that mark the Indian subject as dependent of Itaipu s guardianship, but also that, in a few moments, slip and show the Guarani subject who is articulated to claim his visibility spot. In this sense, the qualitative research was guided by the social and historical approach, founded in the theory and method promoted by the French Discourse Analysis, mainly based in Michel Pêcheux, Eni Orlandi and Bethania Mariani. From this position, we ponder that subject and meaning are not natural, transparent, but historically determined, and they must be considered in their processes of constitution