Desculpe o transtorno: análise discursiva do programa a liga sobre esquizofrenia e bipolaridade

Abstract

Madness, something difficult to define, perceived as the reverse of reason and inversion of the social order, has been receiving many meanings throughout history, which is as far away as humanity. If madness alone is difficult to define, it is very well identified in the figure of the madman, who everyone "knows what is", who is different from others, escaping from what we know as universal. This work is a discursive analysis of the television program A Liga - Schizophrenia and Bipolarity. This episode of the program, was shown on 09/10/2013, was chosen because these two psychoses make up a set of disorders, which were generally characterized as madness in the past. The purpose of this research is to analyze how the senses about madness are formulated in the materiality of the program. To this end, this work is based on the theory of French Discourse Analysis, which was formulated by Michel Pêcheux, by the end of the 1960s. For this theory, discourse is an effect of meaning among interlocutors, who are determined, as well as the subjects, historically and ideologically. In this way, the Discourse Analysis is constituted as a materialistic theory of the discourse, that also has as base the linguistic and the discourse theory, crossed by the theory of the subject of psychoanalytic order. As this theory understands the discursive processes as products of historical processes and determined by memories, a historical contextualization of the madness was realized, from the classic age until the psychiatric reform, mainly based on the work of Foucault, in order to understand which memories are taken up again in the sayings and images that are displayed by the program. For the composition of the corpus, we have selected verbal and imagery sequences, based on the criteria of which ones could best represent the meanings about madness in the materiality addressed. It also highlights the characteristics of the program, which is framed in a hybrid category, between journalism and diversionary programs, producing the content under the effects of objectivity and credibility, with the objective of attracting the public, using techniques such as immersion, by which the presenter inserts himself into a reality, emphasizing emotions and personal perceptions. With this, we come to representations about madness as a difference of normality, disease, threat and danger. The madman, in turn, figured in positions of different, abnormal, infantilized, sick and dangerous, recalling memories that were constituted throughout the history of madness. Also, some shifts were produced by the program, such as the madman who can work and produce, or the madman who can lead a reasonably normal life, while on treatment. In general, the madman occupies a place in the margin of normality and forced to adapt to the current social order.