Conteúdos de conhecimento linguístico para o ensino da alfabetização: uma análise sobre a formação de alfabetizadores na política do PNAIC

Abstract

We analyze the relations between the training carried out by the National Pact for Literacy at the Adequate Age (PNAIC) for the Portuguese language versus the training needs of the literacy teacher, concerning the needed linguistic knowledge for literacy. We analyze the contents of necessary linguistic knowledge for the organization of literacy teaching planning and practice, and how these contents are treated in the PNAIC Textbooks through the units 1, 2, 3 and 5 out of three years included in the training. The research was developed through bibliographical and documentary research and based on the assumptions of the historical-cultural perspective of language and human development, such as the ones done by Vygotsky (2009) and Luria (1986, 2016) and authors who research literacy in a critical perspective, such as Bagno (2009), Cagliari (1993, 1998), Geraldi (1997), Lemle (2009), Massini-Cagliari (2001), Silva (2007) and Travaglia (2013). The categories analyzed were literacy; school, teaching and teacher; reading, speaking and writing; knowledge, skills and learning rights. The praxis of the literacy teacher contemplates a necessary linguistic specificity of research, since the contents of linguistic knowledge are fundamental in the knowledge set of the teacher. The training for literacy teaching, in a critical perspective, demands that teacher has a conception of language and scientific knowledge about orality, reading and writing thoughts for the emancipation of the students. In this perspective, language, non-neutral social product, is constituted by the subjects, and at the same pace, it constitutes them. It is an instrument of mediation between the human being and the reality that makes possible the understanding of the world. That is why the language promotes complex elaborations which, through the signs, codes used in language, allow the conscious action; so, from the meanings, the subject can operate on practical and abstract reality. Thus, the knowledge of psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics were the areas of linguistics considered in our research. Regarding the contents of linguistic knowledge, the development of comprehension between the grapheme and phoneme relations of phonics and phonology are highlighted in the formation, however, the limitations of the formation understand that it does not cover the goal of a knowledge training on language and written language, proposing activities and reflections on the language that do not contemplate in depth the knowledge involved in teaching literacy, but rather a model of literacy. We conclude that the PNAIC keeps the training for teachers based on the principles of constructivist theory, therefore, the training is centered on the importance of the teacher guiding the literacy process based on the knowledge of the stages of writing development proposed by the constructivism. We hope that the results contribute to the orientation of policies and practices of teacher training and literacy.