Os caboclos dos Campos de Palmas e sua representação na Guerra do Contestado

Abstract

The dissertation had as a research problem the representations that were built about the caboclos of Campos de Palmas, during the Contestado War. As a general objective, I sought to understand Campos de Palmas, its historical formation, politics and its membership as part of Contestado, and thus analyze the representations of its autochthonous people called “caboclos”, during the period of the Contestado War. I have historically related Campos de Palmas as the core of political and administrative disputes in a process that culminated in the Contestado War to understand the processes of settlement of Campos de Palmas and its contribution to the social and cultural formation of their residents in the first two decades of the twentieth century to relate the history of Campos de Palmas and the representations of cabocla identity during the Contestado War. The research was carried out with a qualitative approach, with bibliographical and iconographic revision, with information collected in documents, newspapers, reports and historical photographs related to Campos de Palmas and to Contestado of the period between 1912 and 1916, in private and public digital collections that made reference to the caboclos and to Campos de Palmas. In the bibliographic review, the main contributing authors were Valentini (1999, 2003, 2009, 2015a and 2015b), Thomé (1982, 2002a, 2002b, 2005 and 2007), Elias (1990 and 2000), Kossoy (2001), Manguel (2001) and Gombrich (1995). Poetry, music and dramaturgical pieces were used to contextualize the historical elements, such as grafts of the work of the artist from Curitiba, Romário José Borelli, as well as illustrations and photographic records as the instruments of narrative and synthesis of the concepts presented. The first chapter related the political, economic and social histories of the settlement of the region with the Contestado´s History, the disputes between the Iberian kingdoms, the seizure of lands of the indigenous peoples of the Caingangue and Xokleng ethnic groups, the Palmas Question between Brazil and Argentina, the War of the Contestado and the Agreement of Limits between Paraná and Santa Catarina, when the territory was divided between the two litigating states.The second chapter presented a research on the emergence of caboclos, with an analysis of publications from the period of the Contestado War and current ones, to understand how the slavery of indigenous and african populations, the tropeirismo of mules coming from the region of the Missions, from farms, the coronelismo, The extraction of the erva-mate, the subsistence occupation integrated to the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, the religiosity by the rustic Catholicism and the education as a process of the settlement of Campos de Palmas contributed in the social and cultural formation of its inhabitants. The third chapter analyzed the representations of the caboclos during the Contestado War, in the photographs of Claro Gustavo Jansson, besides researches in sources of that time and the current ones, relating images of peaceful surrender like episodes of summary executions of prisoners. At the end of the study, I concluded about the need for regional education policies for southwestern Paraná and western Santa Catarina that consider the presence of the cabocla population, the importance of their history and the valorization of their cultural specificities.