Tecnologia alternativa para tratamento dos efluentes domésticos da área rural

Abstract

The use absence of domestic systems for wastewater treatment promotes the frequent cases of soil and water resources contamination, and contributes to the spread of diseases in the population. Within this context, the work aimed the development/proposition a methodology and alternative technology for treatment domestic sewage of residences located in rural area, specifically for the treatment of effluents generated in the kitchen sink and the toilet bowl. For this, was performed the domestic effluents source characterization through the management diagnostic of domestic wastewater in Paraná state and the city of Toledo; domestic effluents qualitative (physical, chemical and biological parameters) and quantitative (daily and monthly volume) characterization; performance evaluation of the conventional methods, processes and technologies for treatment of rural areas domestic sewage; the method and the technology design/developing for the rural domestic sewage treatment from the toilet bowl and kitchen sink; the construction, operation and monitoring of alternative technology; and the agreement analysis. From the results obtained in the first step, it was found that in Paraná state rural areas are generated over 261 thousand m³ day-1 of domestic sewage, in the city of Toledo rural area are produced 37,410.8 m3 of domestic effluent monthly. In the evaluation step of treatment methods and technologies it was verified the existence of technical limitations and bottlenecks in the equipment, prevailing the low treatment efficiency. Based on detailed studies of the physical, chemical and biological fundamentals and testing bench, was developed the project of alternative technology containing a feces and urine separator; a helical anaerobic bioreactor with tubular shape for the feces. The technology alternative prototype operation showed satisfactory results with respect the feces and urine separation and the feces stabilization in the reactor was completed in just 30 days of treatment forming a residual without the E. coli presence (<1 NMP g-1).