O brotar originário da liberdade: um estudo introdutório em fenomenologia e marxismo em Sartre

Abstract

This research aims to discuss the concept of freedom within Jean Paul Sartre’s philosophy, in a process that moves from his first early writings on Existentialism up to his later studies on Marxism. After a brief biographical overview of the thinker, including historical contextualization, as well as reports on his relevance within the contemporary intellectual sphere, we intend to address, in the first chapter, the main concepts of his first major work, Being and Nothingness (1943), an essay on phenomenological ontology. Such work sets the ground of his popularization as the philosopher of freedom, a concept already dealt with in his literature, as is the case for Nausea (1938). As for the maturity of his writings, after the Second World War, from the 1950s to the 60s, the author becomes familiar with Marxist ideals and activism on the side of the French left wing, an experience which ends up influencing the direction of his new philosophical considerations. Taking grasp of the Marxist terminology, Sartre begins to approach former interests of his from a new perspective, turning toward the theme of human condition or situation in capitalistic societies, with a broad hermeneutics dealing with the intersubjective dimension of social practices and its relation to History. Therefore, in this research, it is aimed to trace the conceptual path of this progression, led by the notion of freedom, which will be explored further within the second and final chapters.