Fascismo, nazismo e seus neologismos: uma abordagem arquivística de inspiração foucaultiana

Abstract

Given the intense current circulation of the terms Fascism, Nazism and their neologisms (neo-Fascism and neo-Nazism) as ways of naming specific practices of violence, this research is based on the premise that these terms are often used in such a way as to consider as one and the same thing events that emerged under different historical conditions. It should be emphasized that this is not to reject the use of such terms in relation to what is emerging in contemporary times, but rather to be aware of the danger of their meanings being emptied. This study aims to problematize the absolute nature of an association directed at occurrences which, although they have to do with some of the constitutive lines of historical Fascism and Nazism, present themselves according to different dynamics and functions. Based on a philosophical-historical approach inspired by Michel Foucault, which points that history operates through discontinuities, this research hypothesis is that we are facing the emergence of practices of violence that can be traced back to new historical geneses. In its argumentative path, this research is dedicated to a precise investigation of such contexts, with the aim of highlighting their regularities and singularities, and investing in precise historical shifts. To this end, this study focuses on certain events in the following order: specific practices of violence in force in Brazil between 2019 and 2022; European Fascism and Nazism in the first half of the 20th century; the development of practices and discourses in the Brazilian context in the 1930s, understood at the time as alluding to Fascism and Nazism. As its main procedure, this research deals with the Foucauldian notion of the archive. This study uses, for archival forging, the Report of Anti-Semitic and Related Events in Brazil (01/Jan/2019 to 30/Jun/2022), formulated by the Jewish Observatory for Human Rights in Brazil, and newspaper headlines, both current and from the 1920s and 1930s, especially the 1933 and 1934 editions of Deutscher Morgen, the official weekly newspaper of the Nazi Party in Brazil, and O Homem Livre, the mouthpiece of the Frente Única Antifascista (FUA). The investigative movement adopted shows, through the selected conjunctures and the relationships between their differences, tensions and contradictions, how and why their singularities can be affirmed. From this philosophical perspective, it's not the big facts that elucidate history, but the minutiae, the small events and their disconnections. By shedding light on the minutiae, it is hoped that this research can clarify on what we can hardly see in the present itself.