A realidade do arco-íris: diferença e discriminação de rendimentos segundo ocupações e orientação sexual

Abstract

This thesis aims to identify and analyze the sources of income differences and discrimination across income distribution, between homosexuals and heterosexuals by occupational groups in Brazil. The earnings of men and women are not affected in the same way, such behavior suggests that the sexual orientation and gender of the worker interact with the occupation. Microdata from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD-C) for Brazil and the years 2013 and 2019 was used to capture the different political, moral, and economic scenarios in the country. RIF (Recentered Influence Function) regressions were estimated to analyze the main determinants of income differences, and subsequently, the quantile decomposition (RIF decomposition) was performed to verify the existence or not of income discrimination according to the sexual orientation of the worker. Workers were separated into eight occupational groups: (1) Armed forces, police, and military firefighters; (2) Managers; (3) Professionals in the sciences and arts [PSAs]; (4) Mid-level technicians; (5) Administrative services; (6) Services and commerce; (7) Farming; and (8) Production. The data showed that homosexuals: i) have a small family structure; ii) reside in urban, metropolitan, and more developed regions; iii) most work in the private and formal sector; iv) are inserted in positions that demand little education and complexity (services and commerce) and in positions that require high qualification and competence (managers and PSAs); v) work more hours per week; vi) received more than heterosexual men in 2013, but in 2019 homosexual and heterosexual men had the highest earnings. The results showed that there are positive and negative income disparities between homosexuals and heterosexuals, that is, in some cases homosexual workers earn more and, in others, homosexuals earn less than heterosexuals. The differences in remuneration according to sexual orientation were smaller in positions that demand low qualification and competence (production, administrative services, services, and commerce). The quantile income decomposition revealed between 2013 and 2015 the explained and positive effects of discrimination were the generators of income disparities between homosexuals and heterosexuals. Between 2016 and 2019, both effects were present, but the explained effect was the driver of income disparities in most occupational groups. Thus, it is concluded that the Brazilian economic activity influenced disparities and income discrimination according to sexual orientation, since from one period to the next, the income differences between workers intensified, evidencing more pronounced penalties for individuals with low incomes and occupations that do not require high qualifications and competence. In addition, it was observed that when there is a more favorable scenario (2013 to 2015), homosexuals are favored by the conditions since their productive (explained effect) and non-productive (non-explained effect) characteristics contributed to the premiums in the remuneration of homosexual workers. But in a socially and economically complex scenario, especially with low productive dynamics (2016 to 2019), it contributed to the worsening of disparities, the explained effect has its role as fostering differences in income, as well as negative discrimination, distancing, and marginalizing the population LGBTQIA+ and your rights.