Levantamento e análise de técnicas para disposição e tratamento de dejetos de suínos e de aves em estabelecimentos rurais familiares

Abstract

In the last decades, the Brazilian farming industry has undergone great changes regarding the systems, type and scale of production, predominantly large-scale vertical production. This growth has been a matter of concern, especially when it comes to environmental issues, because when these production systems are poorly designed or poorly conducted, they generate large amounts of waste, which due to lack of control are often released into water bodies or applied as agricultural fertilizers in large quantities and can pollute surface and groundwater. The correct management of pig and poultry waste is a major challenge that the regions of intensive production of pigs and poultry will have to face in the coming years, due to problems of water pollution, storage costs, treatment and utilization of manure as organic fertilizer in agriculture. The purpose of this work is to present the characterization and main impacts on the environment, as well as some techniques for treatment, disposal and reuse of pig and poultry waste in rural establishments that work with a small production scale. This survey was based on the bibliographical analysis of articles, booklets, dissertations, theses, books, besides specific laws and decrees on the subject. It is possible to conclude that, for poultry farming, deep bedding has been presented as the best alternative for storage, provided that it is properly treated. For pig farming, waste ponds have been widely used, but it is necessary to monitor these residues in order to avoid overflows to soils and water bodies. In terms of treatment techniques, it is highlighted the composting and the use of biogas for the two types of wastes analyzed. In the case of swine manure, stabilization ponds are also fundamental, because these residues are not very solid. There are other more advanced treatment techniques, but as the focus of the dissertation was on small plants, it was sought to analyze the cost-benefit of the techniques raised.