Emissão de gases de efeito estufa em latossolo sob aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura e fertilizante mineral.

Abstract

Agriculture is one of the major contributors for the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), being directly related to global warming. Soil and fertilizer management is the agricultural activity that contributes most to emissions. Considering that the western region of Paraná state has a history of land application of swine wastewater (ARS) for crop fertilization, and that studies of GHG emissions from this activity are scarce in our country, the objective of this research is to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from ARS and mineral fertilizer (AD) application in soybean culture. The experiment was conducted in drainage lysimeters at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering from Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE). The static chamber method was used to capture the gases, and CO2 emission was measured by the alkaline method at soybean cycle. At the time of the gas collections, temperature and moisture analyses were performed in all plots. Gas analyses were by gas chromatography, and the alkaline CO2 was quantified by titration method. The experiment was arranged in a 4x2 factorial randomized blocks with three replications. The factors evaluated were ARS at doses of 0, 100, 200 or 300 m³ ha-1, and AD levels absence (A) and presence (P). Interactions between SW and SF factors were tested and performed by ANOVA for statistical analysis of GHG, C-equivalent and alkaline CO2 emission. The significant results were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. For the correlations, treatments were tested. The CO2 efflux was significant (p-value < 0.05) mainly for the factor ARS, as the N2O one in most sample days. Treatments with 0 m3 ha-1 showed the lowest effluxes and the largest were recorded in treatments with the highest level of ARS (300P and 300A). For both gases, there was no differentiation on the effluxes in D125 and D128 between treatments. This is due to soybean plants decomposition, which provides carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) for micro-organisms. There was interaction (p-value> 0.05) between AD and ARS in D1 for CH4 influx, and AD were significant at D125, in which the CH4 efflux was higher in AD presence. The presence of large amount of N in the ARS does not seem to affect the soil methanotrophic community. The GEE C-equivalent emission was affected by AD and by ARS, with interaction between the factors. There was no significant difference in accumulated CO2 efflux through the alkaline method. The ARS N was probably percolated to deeper soil areas, not affecting the decomposition rate of oat straw. No correlation has been established between the alkaline and chromatographic methods for CO2 efflux recording. It is concluded with this work that ARS land spread is a key factor for the soil GEE increased emissions and that the global warming potential increases with ARS dose applied.