Condições sociodemográficas, parâmetros antropométricos e perfil metabólico de escolares nascidos prematuros e a termo

Abstract

Modernity has changed the lifestyle of populations. Associated with unhealthy lifestyle, it has contributed to an increase in overweight and obesity rates. A segment of this population, such as pregnant women, under these conditions, can develop a hostile intrauterine environment and culminate in a lower supply of nutrients to the fetus, incurring epigenetic changes responsible for short and long-term outcomes in the lives of children, especially those born prematurely. Changes that occur in utero will be responsible for future repercussions such as the presence of chronic diseases and late metabolic changes, such as obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. This association is well evident when it comes to children over 10 years and adults. However, it is necessary to establish the relationship between premature birth and metabolic changes among schoolchildren under 10 years old. Thus, the objective is to analyze the occurrence of overweight and cardiometabolic risk in children aged 5 to 9 years old born premature compared to those born at term, in a municipality in western Paraná. Cross-sectional study, convenience-type sample developed in urban schools in the city of Toledo-PR, included in the study by drawing lots, four schools, two with average family income and two others with low income. The sample was divided in terms of gestational age in full term schoolchildren group (FSG) and premature schoolchildren group (PSG), with the children being randomly selected to compose each group among the selected schools. There were evaluated 132 children for anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist circumference), blood pressure, capillary blood glucose (CBG), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG). Cardiometabolic risk (CR) was analyzed in both groups based on waist circumference (WC): PSG and FSG with WC greater than 90th percentile and those with WC with 50th and 90th percentile. CR was identified in the presence of WC, plus at least two criteria: TC ≥170 mg / dL; TG ≥85 mg / dL; CBG ≥126 mg / dL; systolic / diastolic blood pressure ≥ P90 mmHg. After each analysis, there was a comparison between the groups. The analyzes were performed using the licensed XLSTAT program. Of the total sample, 41.66% of PSG and 38.33% of FSG, showed obesity and overweight. When analyzing the type and duration of breastfeeding received in both groups, there was no statistical association with overweight, obesity or severe obesity. It was found that changes in TG and TC demonstrated an association with income for both groups and a statistical association with the level of maternal education and mean systolic pressure changes. Among FSG patients with WC greater than P90, 10% had CR, while for those with WC between P50 and P90 it was 23.44%. In PSG, none presented WC above P90 and in those with WC above P50, 22.22% had CR. In the comparison between the groups, there was no statistically significant difference regarding the CR. However, it was shown that there is a considerable risk for the development of cardiometabolic diseases in both groups.