https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/593 Wed, 17 Jun 2026 01:26:28 GMT 2026-06-17T01:26:28Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8447 Title: Sartre e o paradoxo da morte vivida Autor: Gonçalves, Thiago Sitoni Primeiro orientador: Silva, Claudinei Aparecido de Freitas da Abstract: This ongoing dissertation aims to sustain, within the scope of Sartrean philosophy, the paradox of lived death as a phenomenon that traverses human existence from the very announcement of my death. Our hypothesis consists in examining how we may describe this sui generis event. To that end, we outline our methodological approach in order to understand the itinerary of a prereflective consciousness that is, in Sartrean terms, always oriented by freedom-in-situation. Lived death corresponds to a limit. It is experienced by human reality in the face of itself and is mediated by alterity, which interrogates it through an unreflective conduct in the world, thereby collapsing its imaginary world. To substantiate this hypothesis, we situate the Sartrean dialogue with phenomenology and the prereflective cogito as its point of departure.In the first chapter, we aim to interrogate the phenomenon of death in relation to emotion and imagination, within the spectrum of a magical and embodied dimension of the consciousness–world bond. In a second moment, we examine human conduct through the guiding thread of freedom and, from there, tension intersubjectivity, bad faith, and anguish in Being and Nothingness in order to position the enigma of death within its ontological and ethical incursions. Since our methodological path involves a dual investigation between psychology and literature, we seek to clarify this relation of paradigms in the third chapter. There, we address the existentially grounded psychoanalytic approach and the notion of engaged literature as discussed in What Is Literature?. Across this dual trajectory of analysis concerning human reality, we begin from a “communicating neighborhood” between philosophy and literature and then transition toward psychology and literature, in order to focus on the psychophysical experience of Sartrean characters as a way of understanding the phenomenon of lived death. In the fourth chapter, we describe how the theme of death presents itself to the philosopher within the phenomenological tradition through his critical reading of the Heideggerian existential of being-toward-death. In this section of the dissertation, we mark Sartre’s distinctive stance through the notion of an absurd death—an idea that enables the thesis of the paradoxical existence of a lived death. The relevance of such a thesis lies in fulfilling Sartre’s project of bringing human reality to the forefront through its failure to be God and its impossibility of being a self-caused being. In the fifth and final chapter, we situate the motivation for our choice of The Wall and the notions of being-in-the-world-at-war and “passage” for understanding the characters. Our attention is directed specifically to the drama of Pablo Ibbieta, Tom Steinbock, and Juan Mirbal on the eve of their execution. Through the passage of literature to philosophy, the paradox of lived death emerges from the absurdity of waiting, in which the characters attempt to thematize their own end and find no support other than the radical and fragile contingency of freedom. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Tese Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8447 2026-03-18T00:00:00Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8446 Title: A consciência como elemento fundamental da moralidade em Jean-Jacques Rousseau Autor: Santos, Whesley Fagliari dos Primeiro orientador: Antunes , Jadir Abstract: La corruption de l'homme au sein de la société est assurément l'un des grands problèmes que l'on retrouve dans l'œuvre du philosophe genevois Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). Dès lors, la question qui guide cette étude est la suivante : est-il possible, selon la pensée de Rousseau, de surmonter les problèmes moraux afin de parvenir à une société dont la composition sociale ne se corrompt pas ? Oui, c'est possible. Par l'éducation. La conscience joue un rôle essentiel dans la structuration et le fondement de la morale. Rousseau illustre ce processus à travers le personnage d'Émile, présenté dans son ouvrage *Émile ou l'Éducation* (1762). Il est donc essentiel d'étudier la théorie de la conscience dans l'œuvre de Rousseau, car le problème que nous présentons dans cette thèse est le suivant : pour que le système éducatif qu'il propose soit viable, la conscience doit servir de base à une redéfinition de la morale et permettre d'éviter la corruption humaine au sein de l'État civil. À cette fin, il est nécessaire d'examiner la définition, l'importance et les implications de la perfectibilité et de la liberté naturelle dans la conception rousseauiste de l'homme dans son état originel et du citoyen dans l'État civil ; de comprendre ainsi comment la volonté particulière et l'amour-propre interagissent avec la volonté générale issue du contrat social ; d'explorer comment la conscience se rapporte à la raison et comment les deux sont liées au système éducatif rousseauiste – d'abord par la pédagogie négative, puis par l'examen de la pédagogie positive ; d'établir les conditions permettant à la conscience de constituer le fondement de la morale et des actions politiques. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Tese Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8446 2026-04-14T00:00:00Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8437 Title: A guerra justa em Norberto Bobbio: uma perspectiva multilateralista Autor: Pinheiro, Reginaldo Cesar Primeiro orientador: Dias, José Francisco de Assis Abstract: This doctoral thesis investigated the concept of just war in the thought of Norberto Bobbio, within the field of Ethics and Political Philosophy. The central problem is to identify the ethical and legal criteria capable of legitimizing the use of military force in international conflicts. traditionally, just war doctrine has been structured as a set of normative principles designed to assess the morality of war, distinguishing between the conditions that justify recourse to force (jus ad bellum) and the norms governing its conduct (jus in bello). The general objective is to demonstrate that Bobbio proposes a conceptual reassessment of this tradition through the notion of “inevitable war.” Rather than grounding legitimacy exclusively on classical criteria, Bobbio shifts the axis of justification toward the necessity of confronting concrete threats to international peace. In a contemporary context marked by asymmetric conflicts, multiple actors, and technological transformations, his reflection acquires renewed relevance. The specific objectives are: to analyze the historical formation of the just war tradition; to characterize the concepts of war and peace and the ethical criteria underlying Bobbio’s formulation; to examine the theoretical rupture he promotes; and to demonstrate the contemporary relevance of his proposal in light of humanitarian interventions, multilateralism, and the complexity of current conflicts. The study is justified by the need to reassess a normative tradition rooted in thinkers such as Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, whose formulations, though foundational, reflect historical contexts distinct from today’s global order. Bobbio’s notion of inevitable war introduces a realist criterion according to which the use of force may become morally admissible when inescapable for the preservation of international order. Methodologically, the research is based on a critical bibliographical review of Bobbio’s major works especially Una guerra giusta? Sul conflitto del Golfo articulated with classical just war theory and contemporary literature on military interventions and global governance. The hypotheses advanced are that: (a) Bobbio breaks with the classical paradigm by replacing it with the criterion of inevitability; (b) his approach provides more adequate standards for evaluating the legitimacy of present-day interventions; and (c) his theory contributes to understanding challenges related to military technology, humanitarian issues, and multilateral relations. The dissertation concludes that, in Bobbio’s perspective, the inevitability of conflict functions as a decisive normative criterion for the use of force. Multilateralism emerges as an indispensable mechanism to prevent the instrumentalization of just war, subordinating military action to international norms. A contemporary reconstruction of the doctrine must therefore be grounded in shared responsibility and fiduciary sovereignty, submitting the arbitrariness of war to international law and orienting global governance toward the preservation of peace. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Tese Fri, 27 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8437 2026-03-27T00:00:00Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8329 Title: Metaantropologia e a Teoria das Esferas do Ser: funcionalização e multidimensionalidade do humano-Integral em Max Scheler Autor: Kuhn, Willian Carlos Primeiro orientador: Kahlmeyer-Mertens, Roberto Saraiva Abstract: The present thesis thematizes meta-anthropology within the horizon of the late phase of Max Scheler’s theory of the spheres of being. By meta-anthropology is understood an integrative discipline of visions of the human and of the world whose backdrop is the metaphysical theory of the spheres of being. The problem addressed in this paper is whether it is possible to evaluate the Munich philosopher's vision of the human being, considering the draft-like nature of the work The Human Place in the Cosmos (Stellung). Using a bibliographical methodology, the original 1928 edition of Stellung was read, seeking an “hidden order” in Scheler’s corpus, whose evidence was offered by Pintor-Ramos (1978) and Frings (2001). In this regard, it is understood that it is not possible to fully grasp Scheler's vision of the human being solely in Stellung: in PhW and Nachlass, a multidimensionality of the spheres of being is evident, whose dense interdisciplinary character seems incomprehensible within the scope of this essay. Given the scenario presented, it is understood that the later Scheler converges towards a meta-anthropology that presupposes the law of autonomy of the spheres as a requirement for interpreting the problem of spiritual impotence; that is, in its original sphere – in the absolute time (Urgeist) – the spirit would be impotent, except for the act of projecting ideas. It is then shown that the notion of impotence in the spiritual sphere means an inability to directly alter the course of the vital sphere. Thus, it is urgent to adopt an alternative interpretation of impotence, as relational-functional; our contribution lies in identifying the notion of functionalization (Funktionalisierung), which is later absorbed by Scheler, into the notions of interpenetration (Durchdringung) and interpenetrative adjustment (Ausgleich), within the framework of the spheres metaphysics; it follows that the autonomy of each sphere is preserved, even if essentially prone to remission to the absolute. Here it is intuited that Scheler highlights, in the text of the Nachlass, a functional-relative impotence of the impulse, given the ineffectiveness of group interests without the guidance of model-people. From this arises the hypothesis that the lived experience of impotence presupposes both the interpenetration of spirit and life in the person and the autonomy of the spheres. In this light, the human reveals its essence as a functional unity inclined toward progressive interlacement, indicating the multidimensionality in the meta anthropology of spheres; thus, the individual affective ordering (ordo amoris) is updated from absolute time, without invalidating its identity. In sum, considering the functionalizing and propensities aspect of the later Scheler, it follows that if the spirit is originally powerless, by the law of autonomy, the impulse would also be, if deprived of ideal directionality and the regulatory models of the human (Allmensch). Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Tese Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8329 2025-12-15T00:00:00Z