https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/569 Wed, 05 Aug 2026 23:20:12 GMT 2026-08-05T23:20:12Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8590 Title: Educação Ambiental na Educação Fundamental com vista ao Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável Autor: Ferreira, Magda Gonçalves Primeiro orientador: Oliveira, Irene Carniatto de Abstract: The global environmental crisis is one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century, rendering environmental education (EE) an urgent political and formative instrument, particularly in elementary education, with the aim of shaping critical individuals committed to sustainability. In rural contexts, such as Marechal Cândido Rondon, EE becomes even more strategic, as it engages directly with sustainable rural development and therefore requires an analysis of curricula and methodologies. Historically, EE consolidated after milestones such as the Clean Air Act in England and the work Silent Spring (1962), driven by the intensification of the environmental crisis. The general objective of this research is to investigate the importance of EE in elementary education for the promotion of sustainable rural development. Its specific objectives are to evaluate EE practices within the school environment, identify the challenges faced by rural educators, and assess the impact on children’s environmental awareness. The methodology adopted is mixed (documentary and fieldbased), combining document analysis with questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation in rural schools, thus assuming a descriptive and exploratory character. The study is organized into three chapters. Chapter 1, “Legal Foundations and Humanized Practices,” examines the Brazilian legal framework (Law No. 9,795/1999), which establishes EE as an essential, permanent, and crosscurricular component, emphasizing the central role of the teacher as mediator, model, and agent of transformation, as well as the importance of affectivity and direct contact with nature. Chapter 2 evaluates how the intensification of climate change requires the integration of science education in the early years of elementary schooling in order to promote critical thinking and children’s protagonism, treating climate education as a structuring theme. Chapter 3, “Assessment of Practices,” seeks to evaluate, through questionnaires administered to students, parents, and teachers in the rural area of Marechal Cândido Rondon, the recognition of the relevance of the theme and children’s understanding of concrete environmental problems, although without the incorporation of personal actions. For teachers, the pedagogical difficulties encountered—whether related to materials or to long-term projects—constitute limits that are difficult to overcome. Given the community’s strong connection to agricultural activity, the full implementation of EE in the school is essential. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Dissertação Mon, 09 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8590 2026-02-09T00:00:00Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8589 Title: Resistência múltipla a herbicidas, eficácia de controle de pré-emergentes e análise de crescimento em populações de Euphorbia heterophylla nas principais regiões agrícolas do Paraguai Autor: Mendoza Duarte, Marcos Javier Primeiro orientador: Costa, Neumárcio Vilanova da Abstract: A intensificação dos sistemas de produção de soja e milho no Paraguai, associada ao uso contínuo de herbicidas com mecanismos de ação semelhantes, tem favorecido a seleção de populações de E. heterophylla com diferentes padrões de resposta aos herbicidas. Até o início deste estudo, a única resistência oficialmente confirmada no país era ao imazetapir, inibidor da ALS, embora falhas frequentes de controle com glifosato fossem observadas em áreas comerciais. Além disso, no Brasil já existem registros de resistência múltipla envolvendo glifosato, fomesafen e herbicidas inibidores da ALS, evidenciando o avanço regional do problema. Diante desse cenário, formulou-se a hipótese de que populações de E. heterophylla oriundas das principais regiões agrícolas do Paraguai apresentam suscetibilidade reduzida aos herbicidas glifosato, cloransulam-metílico e fomesafen, além de alterações fisiológicas relacionadas ao crescimento vegetal. O estudo teve como objetivos identificar populações com suscetibilidade reduzida e caracterizar seus níveis de resistência, avaliar a eficácia e seletividade de herbicidas pré-emergentes no controle da espécie na soja e analisar os efeitos da resistência simples e múltipla sobre a dinâmica de crescimento vegetal. Foram coletadas sementes de 50 populações provenientes das regiões de Canindeyú, Alto Paraná, Itapúa e Caaguazú. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três experimentos complementares envolvendo testes preliminares de suscetibilidade, ensaios de dose–resposta, avaliação da eficácia e seletividade de herbicidas pré-emergentes em campo e análise da dinâmica de crescimento de biótipos suscetível (S1), resistente à ALS (RIP4), resistente à EPSPS (RCG1) e resistente simultaneamente à ALS e à EPSPS (RCA1). Os resultados evidenciaram ampla ocorrência de populações com suscetibilidade reduzida aos herbicidas avaliados nas principais regiões agrícolas do Paraguai, especialmente nos departamentos de Alto Paraná, Canindeyú e Caaguazú. Em Alto Paraná, mais de 70% das populações apresentaram baixa suscetibilidade ao cloransulam-metílico e ao fomesafen. Os ensaios de dose–resposta confirmaram resistência em diferentes populações, com fatores de resistência de até 54,04 para glifosato, 32,23 para cloransulam-metílico e 6,31 para fomesafen. A classificação das populações quanto ao padrão de resistência indicou que 73,3% apresentaram resistência a um herbicida, 20,0% resistência simultânea a dois herbicidas e 6,7% resistência a três herbicidas, evidenciando a ocorrência de diferentes níveis de resistência simples e múltipla nas principais regiões agrícolas avaliadas. Nos ensaios de campo, sulfentrazone e S-metolachlor + fomesafen apresentaram níveis de controle superiores a 80%, constituindo os tratamentos mais eficazes para o manejo de E. heterophylla. Flumioxazin e metribuzin proporcionaram controles intermediários, entre 60 e 80%, enquanto diclosulam apresentou controle inferior a 60%. Os herbicidas avaliados apresentaram fitotoxicidade inicial transitória, com redução progressiva dos sintomas ao longo do ciclo e adequada recuperação da cultura, evidenciando seletividade agronômica para a soja nas condições experimentais. Na análise de crescimento, observaram-se diferenças na dinâmica de acúmulo de biomassa e nas taxas fisiológicas entre os biótipos avaliados. O biótipo RCA1 (ALS + EPSPS) apresentou o maior acúmulo de massa seca total, atingindo aproximadamente 1,13 g planta-1 aos 70 DAE, valor 40,5% superior ao observado no biótipo suscetível S1. O biótipo RCG1 (EPSPS) apresentou incremento de 16,9% na biomassa total em relação ao suscetível, enquanto RIP4 (ALS) apresentou redução de aproximadamente 18,0%. Os maiores picos de taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) foram observados em RCA1 e RCG1, com valores de aproximadamente 0,039 e 0,037 g dia-1, respectivamente, correspondendo a incrementos de 49,3% e 42,9% em relação ao S1. O biótipo RIP4 apresentou o maior pico de taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL), atingindo aproximadamente 0,0017 g cm-2 dia-1 aos 48–50 DAE, valor 96,9% superior ao suscetível. Por outro lado, S1 apresentou a maior taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), com pico de aproximadamente 0,150 g g-1 dia-1 aos 40 DAE, enquanto os biótipos RCG1, RCA1 e RIP4 apresentaram reduções de 22,0%, 45,0% e 49,2%, respectivamente. Concluem-se que existe uma ampla disseminação de populações de E. heterophylla com suscetibilidade reduzida a diferentes mecanismos de ação herbicida nas principais regiões produtoras de soja do Paraguai. Sulfentrazone e S-metolachlor + fomesafen constituem alternativas eficientes para o manejo da espécie em pré-emergência. Adicionalmente, a resistência promoveu alterações na dinâmica de crescimento e na partição de biomassa, indicando que os efeitos fisiológicos associados à resistência dependem do mecanismo envolvido.; The intensification of soybean and corn production systems in Paraguay, combined with the continuous use of herbicides with similar mechanisms of action, has favored the selection of E. heterophylla populations with different response patterns to herbicides. At the beginning of this study, the only officially confirmed case of herbicide resistance in the country was resistance to imazethapyr, an ALS inhibitor, although frequent glyphosate control failures had been reported in commercial fields. Furthermore, cases of multiple resistance involving glyphosate, fomesafen, and ALS-inhibiting herbicides have already been reported in Brazil, highlighting the regional expansion of this issue. Based on this scenario, the hypothesis was established that E. heterophylla populations from the main agricultural regions of Paraguay exhibit reduced susceptibility to glyphosate, chloransulam-methyl, and fomesafen, as well as physiological alterations associated with plant growth. The objectives of this study were to identify populations with reduced susceptibility and characterize their resistance levels, evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of pre-emergence herbicides for E. heterophylla control in soybean, and assess the effects of single and multiple resistance on plant growth dynamics. Seeds were collected from 50 populations originating from the regions of Canindeyú, Alto Paraná, Itapúa, and Caaguazú. The study was conducted through three complementary experiments involving preliminary susceptibility screening, dose-response assays, field evaluation of the efficacy and selectivity of pre-emergence herbicides, and growth analysis of susceptible (S1), ALS-resistant (RIP4), EPSPS-resistant (RCG1), and ALS + EPSPS-resistant (RCA1) biotypes. The results revealed a widespread occurrence of populations with reduced susceptibility to the evaluated herbicides across the main agricultural regions of Paraguay, particularly in Alto Paraná, Canindeyú, and Caaguazú. In Alto Paraná, more than 70% of the populations exhibited reduced susceptibility to chloransulam-methyl and fomesafen. Dose-response assays confirmed resistance in different populations, with resistance factors reaching 54.04 for glyphosate, 32.23 for chloransulam-methyl, and 6.31 for fomesafen. Classification of populations according to resistance pattern indicated that 73.3% exhibited resistance to a single herbicide, 20.0% exhibited simultaneous resistance to two herbicides, and 6.7% exhibited resistance to three herbicides, demonstrating the occurrence of different levels of single and multiple resistance across the evaluated agricultural regions. In field trials, sulfentrazone and S-metolachlor + fomesafen provided control levels above 80%, constituting the most effective treatments for E. heterophylla management. Flumioxazin and metribuzin provided intermediate control levels, ranging from 60 to 80%, whereas diclosulam resulted in control levels below 60%. All evaluated herbicides caused only transient initial phytotoxicity, with progressive symptom reduction throughout the crop cycle and adequate crop recovery, demonstrating satisfactory agronomic selectivity for soybean under the experimental conditions. Growth analysis revealed differences in biomass accumulation dynamics and physiological growth parameters among the evaluated biotypes. The RCA1 biotype (ALS + EPSPS) exhibited the highest total dry matter accumulation, reaching approximately 1.13 g plant⁻¹ at 70 days after emergence (DAE), representing a 40.5% increase compared with the susceptible biotype S1. The RCG1 biotype (EPSPS) exhibited a 16.9% increase in total biomass relative to S1, whereas RIP4 (ALS) showed an approximately 18.0% reduction. The highest absolute growth rate (AGR) peaks were observed in RCA1 and RCG1, reaching approximately 0.039 and 0.037 g day-1, respectively, corresponding to increases of 49.3% and 42.9% compared with S1. The RIP4 biotype exhibited the highest net assimilation rate (NAR), reaching approximately 0.0017 g cm-2 day-1 at 48–50 DAE, representing a 96.9% increase compared with the susceptible biotype. In contrast, S1 exhibited the highest relative growth rate (RGR), reaching approximately 0.150 g g-1 day1 at 40 DAE, whereas RCG1, RCA1, and RIP4 showed reductions of 22.0%, 45.0%, and 49.2%, respectively. The results demonstrate the widespread distribution of E. heterophylla populations with reduced susceptibility to different herbicide mechanisms of action across the major soybean-producing regions of Paraguay. Sulfentrazone and Smetolachlor + fomesafen represent effective alternatives for pre-emergence management of this species. Furthermore, herbicide resistance altered growth dynamics and biomass partitioning, indicating that the physiological effects associated with resistance depend on the underlying resistance mechanism. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Tese Fri, 24 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8589 2025-10-24T00:00:00Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8585 Title: Manejo da ferrugem da folha (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) na cultura da aveia (Avena sativa) com fungicidas microbiológicos e ácido silícico Autor: Matos, Sabrina dos Santos Primeiro orientador: Kuhn, Odair José Abstract: White oat is an important winter crop in Southern Brazil, and leaf rust, caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, is its main disease, with the potential to cause yield losses of up to 50% in susceptible cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of microbiological fungicides and silicic acid on the management of leaf rust and on yield components of white oat. Two field experiments were conducted using the cultivar IPR Artemis. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement, with the presence or absence of silicic acid as the main factor and five microbiological fungicides plus a control as the secondary factor. The variables evaluated were disease severity, area under the disease progress curve, plant height, stem diameter, number of tillers, number of panicles, number of spikelets in the main panicle, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Silicic acid application reduced leaf rust severity by 14%. Trichodermil® and Bio-imune® reduced disease severity by 20.8% and 20.3%, respectively, compared with the control, while the association of Pardella® with silicic acid reduced the area under the disease progress curve by 17.5%. The association of Trichodermil® with silicic acid increased thousand-grain weight by 21%, although it reduced plant height and the number of spikelets in the main panicle. The use of Trichodermil® also reduced stem diameter. Grain yield was not affected by the evaluated treatments. It was concluded that silicic acid and microbiological fungicides have potential for the management of white oat leaf rust; however, they did not promote increases in grain yield under the conditions of this study. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Dissertação Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8585 2025-02-28T00:00:00Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8583 Title: Identidade e resiliência na perenidade da agricultura familiar: uma análise qualitativa no Noroeste do Paraná Autor: Martins, Deisi Graziela de Lima Primeiro orientador: De Grandi, Adriana Maria Abstract: Family farming plays a strategic role in Brazil’s economic, social, and environmental development, accounting for a significant share of food production and contributing to the maintenance of rural populations. However, the permanence of family farmers on their properties cannot be explained solely by economic factors, as it also involves symbolic, cultural, and social dimensions that influence their capacity to adapt to contemporary transformations. In this context, this thesis aimed to examine the relationship between identity and resilience in shaping the permanence of family farmers on agricultural properties. The study was conducted within an interpretivist paradigm, adopting a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach with a phenomenological orientation. The methodological procedures included a literature review on identity, resilience, and family farming, an analysis of scientific articles published in national and international databases, and semi-structured interviews with family farmers from the northwestern region of Paraná, Brazil. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis, enabling the development of interpretative categories related to identity, resilience, and permanence. The findings revealed that family farmers’ identity is shaped by their connection to the land, family heritage, territorial belonging, and the appreciation of knowledge transmitted across generations. Resilience was expressed through adaptive strategies such as production diversification, technology adoption, reorganization of farming activities, and the strengthening of social support networks. The analysis demonstrated that identity and resilience operate interdependently, contributing to the continuity of family farmers in rural areas. The review of studies on identity showed that territoriality, food culture, family succession, social recognition, and resistance to the hegemonic agribusiness model are central dimensions of identity within family farming. It is concluded that the permanence of family farming results from the dynamic interaction between identity, resilience, and social, economic, institutional, and territorial factors, constituting a multidimensional phenomenon that goes beyond the limits of economic rationality. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Tese Fri, 06 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8583 2026-03-06T00:00:00Z