https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/590 2026-06-22T05:54:43Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8447 Title: Sartre e o paradoxo da morte vivida Autor: Gonçalves, Thiago Sitoni Primeiro orientador: Silva, Claudinei Aparecido de Freitas da Abstract: This ongoing dissertation aims to sustain, within the scope of Sartrean philosophy, the paradox of lived death as a phenomenon that traverses human existence from the very announcement of my death. Our hypothesis consists in examining how we may describe this sui generis event. To that end, we outline our methodological approach in order to understand the itinerary of a prereflective consciousness that is, in Sartrean terms, always oriented by freedom-in-situation. Lived death corresponds to a limit. It is experienced by human reality in the face of itself and is mediated by alterity, which interrogates it through an unreflective conduct in the world, thereby collapsing its imaginary world. To substantiate this hypothesis, we situate the Sartrean dialogue with phenomenology and the prereflective cogito as its point of departure.In the first chapter, we aim to interrogate the phenomenon of death in relation to emotion and imagination, within the spectrum of a magical and embodied dimension of the consciousness–world bond. In a second moment, we examine human conduct through the guiding thread of freedom and, from there, tension intersubjectivity, bad faith, and anguish in Being and Nothingness in order to position the enigma of death within its ontological and ethical incursions. Since our methodological path involves a dual investigation between psychology and literature, we seek to clarify this relation of paradigms in the third chapter. There, we address the existentially grounded psychoanalytic approach and the notion of engaged literature as discussed in What Is Literature?. Across this dual trajectory of analysis concerning human reality, we begin from a “communicating neighborhood” between philosophy and literature and then transition toward psychology and literature, in order to focus on the psychophysical experience of Sartrean characters as a way of understanding the phenomenon of lived death. In the fourth chapter, we describe how the theme of death presents itself to the philosopher within the phenomenological tradition through his critical reading of the Heideggerian existential of being-toward-death. In this section of the dissertation, we mark Sartre’s distinctive stance through the notion of an absurd death—an idea that enables the thesis of the paradoxical existence of a lived death. The relevance of such a thesis lies in fulfilling Sartre’s project of bringing human reality to the forefront through its failure to be God and its impossibility of being a self-caused being. In the fifth and final chapter, we situate the motivation for our choice of The Wall and the notions of being-in-the-world-at-war and “passage” for understanding the characters. Our attention is directed specifically to the drama of Pablo Ibbieta, Tom Steinbock, and Juan Mirbal on the eve of their execution. Through the passage of literature to philosophy, the paradox of lived death emerges from the absurdity of waiting, in which the characters attempt to thematize their own end and find no support other than the radical and fragile contingency of freedom. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Tese 2026-03-18T00:00:00Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8446 Title: A consciência como elemento fundamental da moralidade em Jean-Jacques Rousseau Autor: Santos, Whesley Fagliari dos Primeiro orientador: Antunes , Jadir Abstract: La corruption de l'homme au sein de la société est assurément l'un des grands problèmes que l'on retrouve dans l'œuvre du philosophe genevois Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). Dès lors, la question qui guide cette étude est la suivante : est-il possible, selon la pensée de Rousseau, de surmonter les problèmes moraux afin de parvenir à une société dont la composition sociale ne se corrompt pas ? Oui, c'est possible. Par l'éducation. La conscience joue un rôle essentiel dans la structuration et le fondement de la morale. Rousseau illustre ce processus à travers le personnage d'Émile, présenté dans son ouvrage *Émile ou l'Éducation* (1762). Il est donc essentiel d'étudier la théorie de la conscience dans l'œuvre de Rousseau, car le problème que nous présentons dans cette thèse est le suivant : pour que le système éducatif qu'il propose soit viable, la conscience doit servir de base à une redéfinition de la morale et permettre d'éviter la corruption humaine au sein de l'État civil. À cette fin, il est nécessaire d'examiner la définition, l'importance et les implications de la perfectibilité et de la liberté naturelle dans la conception rousseauiste de l'homme dans son état originel et du citoyen dans l'État civil ; de comprendre ainsi comment la volonté particulière et l'amour-propre interagissent avec la volonté générale issue du contrat social ; d'explorer comment la conscience se rapporte à la raison et comment les deux sont liées au système éducatif rousseauiste – d'abord par la pédagogie négative, puis par l'examen de la pédagogie positive ; d'établir les conditions permettant à la conscience de constituer le fondement de la morale et des actions politiques. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Tese 2026-04-14T00:00:00Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8445 Title: A estética da violência no pensamento de Theodor Adorno Autor: Leal, Vinicius Rufino Primeiro orientador: Dias, José Francisco de Assis Abstract: This research examines the possibility of defining a concept of the Aesthetics of Violence in the thought of Theodor Adorno. It articulates this concept with the dynamics of fascism, contemporary processes of cultural domination, and devices of subjectivation, through a psychoanalytic reading. The guiding problem is to understand how Adorno conceives the relation between aesthetics and violence — especially under authoritarian regime — and how this relation intersects with art, culture, and politics. Accordingly, the aim is to understand how the aestheticization of violence and the symbolic manipulation of the masses organize the aesthetic-political phenomenon of fascism. The textual organization follows this structure: (i) the first chapter takes Aesthetic Theory as its key concept, reconstructing the dialectic between the autonomy of art and social determination; (ii) the second chapter situates fascism as an aesthetic-political phenomenon that, by means of propaganda, aestheticizes violence and mobilizes the masses, culminating in a cult of the leader and the glorification of force; (iii) the third chapter shows how the Culture Industry, by standardizing cultural processes, blocks processes of autonomy, renders critical imagination unviable, and naturalizes hierarchies. The methodology is grounded in Adorno’s negative dialectics, which seeks to overcome reifications by unveiling immanent contradictions. The research unfolds through conceptual analysis and a critical hermeneutic reading of Adorno’s works —especially Dialectic of Enlightenment, Aesthetic Theory, and Education and Emancipation — and proposes a systematic dialogue with the Freudian corpus to elucidate the psychic and technical dimensions of aestheticization. The results, based on this thematization, suggest that Adorno understood totalitarian regimes to formulate an Aesthetics of Violence, naturalizing it as culture and instrumentalizing it as political propaganda. Moreover, fascism represents the apex of a logic that converts culture into spectacle, thereby obscuring the very possibility of critique. Therefore, aesthetic education should be grounded in critical reflection, oriented toward a process of emancipation and resistance to forms of massification. In this way, the dissertation contributes to the field of critical philosophy by systematizing the concept of an Aesthetics of Violence, highlighting its historical-political relevance, and offering theoretical parameters for analyzing cultural practices that, even today, sustain the perpetuation and dissemination of regimes of symbolic domination. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Dissertação 2026-02-26T00:00:00Z https://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/8437 Title: A guerra justa em Norberto Bobbio: uma perspectiva multilateralista Autor: Pinheiro, Reginaldo Cesar Primeiro orientador: Dias, José Francisco de Assis Abstract: This doctoral thesis investigated the concept of just war in the thought of Norberto Bobbio, within the field of Ethics and Political Philosophy. The central problem is to identify the ethical and legal criteria capable of legitimizing the use of military force in international conflicts. traditionally, just war doctrine has been structured as a set of normative principles designed to assess the morality of war, distinguishing between the conditions that justify recourse to force (jus ad bellum) and the norms governing its conduct (jus in bello). The general objective is to demonstrate that Bobbio proposes a conceptual reassessment of this tradition through the notion of “inevitable war.” Rather than grounding legitimacy exclusively on classical criteria, Bobbio shifts the axis of justification toward the necessity of confronting concrete threats to international peace. In a contemporary context marked by asymmetric conflicts, multiple actors, and technological transformations, his reflection acquires renewed relevance. The specific objectives are: to analyze the historical formation of the just war tradition; to characterize the concepts of war and peace and the ethical criteria underlying Bobbio’s formulation; to examine the theoretical rupture he promotes; and to demonstrate the contemporary relevance of his proposal in light of humanitarian interventions, multilateralism, and the complexity of current conflicts. The study is justified by the need to reassess a normative tradition rooted in thinkers such as Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, whose formulations, though foundational, reflect historical contexts distinct from today’s global order. Bobbio’s notion of inevitable war introduces a realist criterion according to which the use of force may become morally admissible when inescapable for the preservation of international order. Methodologically, the research is based on a critical bibliographical review of Bobbio’s major works especially Una guerra giusta? Sul conflitto del Golfo articulated with classical just war theory and contemporary literature on military interventions and global governance. The hypotheses advanced are that: (a) Bobbio breaks with the classical paradigm by replacing it with the criterion of inevitability; (b) his approach provides more adequate standards for evaluating the legitimacy of present-day interventions; and (c) his theory contributes to understanding challenges related to military technology, humanitarian issues, and multilateral relations. The dissertation concludes that, in Bobbio’s perspective, the inevitability of conflict functions as a decisive normative criterion for the use of force. Multilateralism emerges as an indispensable mechanism to prevent the instrumentalization of just war, subordinating military action to international norms. A contemporary reconstruction of the doctrine must therefore be grounded in shared responsibility and fiduciary sovereignty, submitting the arbitrariness of war to international law and orienting global governance toward the preservation of peace. Publisher: Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Tipo do documento: Tese 2026-03-27T00:00:00Z