Construção e superação das imagens de Sócrates em Nietzsche

Abstract

Nietzsche and Socrates are considered watershed thinkers and carried opposite ideas of allegedly secure and gloomy times, they both knew how to detect the gaps, or better, the historical and cultural illness that they belonged to, and which they lived, grew up and made of their lives a continuous exercise of philosophizing. This proximity of both philosophers is torn for antagonistic project that reveals, at once, the hardest opposition and the most nearness between both thinkers. The so acute and staunch criticism that are drawn by Nietzsche against Socrates in works such as The birth or tragedy and Twilight of the idols, in which appears malign expressions as devil , dying and illness ; are eased by intermediate paintings that make a friendly scenery, in which rises the shining figure of Socrates that comes as free Spirit , "big rich irony in mystery" and as "Teacher Apollonian". Nietzsche brings Socrates in every work, sometimes with shocking criticism and sometimes by suddenly praises. Analyzing the Socrates images through the Nietzsche philosophy lights allow us to travel into the deepest subject that the Germany Philosopher dealt: the diversity of characters Socrates reveals the dynamic and even the Nietzsche diversity that shows a philosophy in contrast come-to-be (Werden), in a process that is flexible and bellicose at the same time, through the philosophy is built while effective (Wirklichkeit), in a continuous pursuit for overcoming oneself (Selbst), this requires an unconditional love for the life in its misfortune (Verhängniss). The whole work is a presentation of images of Socrates under Nietzsche views, in order to show the mainly traces that built the complex theoretical relationship between both thinkers, as well as the elements that give us the possibility of thinking in a overcoming of the man built by Socrates while theoretical man prototype. Nietzsche diagnostics in this human being the genesis of the decadence of the Western that develops itself under the eagis of the Socrates idea of fearlessness of death, thanks to the knowledge and to the dialectic procedure, that characterize the image of the dying Socrates, mainly aim of the Nietzsche attacks. Thus, first, through a mapping of the images of Socrates in his works and in the posthumous fragments of the German philosopher, will be possible to have a vision more specific of the Nietzschean thought. Then considering the work Ecce Homo, in which there are some central points of his works, it will seek for elements that distinguish Nietzsche and Socrates as an expression of the maximum western decadence.