Análise dos efeitos da temperatura e pressão na extração supercrítica do óleo essencial de canola com dióxido de carbono supercrítico e n-propano pressurizado

Abstract

Currently it is possible to observe a great interest in the consumption of canola oil due to medical and nutritionist indication as a functional food for people who are interested in a healthy diet, for the reason of its excellent composition of fatty acid. The most common employed process to the canola oil extraction is the use of organic solvents, normally it is used the n-hexane that is toxic, flammable, coming from non-renewable source and hazardous to the employees health. Pharmaceutical products, food and cosmetics can be got with the use of a solvent in the supercritical phase with the advantage of using non-toxic solvents and of working on very relatively low temperatures, being easily separated of the final product due to its high volatility, resulting in higher increase and selectivity to the ones found in the conventional processes. This work had as objective to study the behavior of canola solubility by using supercritical CO2 and pressurized n-propane in different experimental conditions and comparing to the conventional extraction. The operational conditions by using the supercritical CO2 as a solvent were: the temperatures of 40, 50 e 60 ºC and pressure of 20, 22,5 e 25 MPa. For the npropane solvent were established temperatures of 30, 45 e 60 ºC and pressure of 8, 10 e 12 MPa. The experimental planning applied on this study was the Factorial Planning with a central point of the type 22. The extracted samples in the different operational conditions were submitted to the oxidative stability analysis through the techniques of Exploratory Differential Calorimeter. It was accomplished the protein analysis of a bran. It was also accomplished a mathematical model through of a second order empirical model and the model of Sovová, to the experimental data obtained in the extraction with CO2 e n-propane. The results for the extraction by using the CO2 as a solvent have shown that the canola oil is more soluble in low temperature and high-pressure conditions. For the pressurized n-propane solvent, the best mass increase has occurred in the condition of higher temperature and pressure. The time for extraction with the n-propane was considerable shorter when compared to other solvents, being a better solvent to be used in the extraction of the canola oil. The conventional extraction with n-hexane has presented a high increase, even though the extraction has happened within a time of 20 hours, much higher when compared to the time of extraction using the supercritical CO2 and the pressurized n-propane. In the oxidative stability analysis of the oils was observed that the obtained oils within the three methods of extraction presented a good time of oxidative induction. The analysis done with the pies have shown that the values between the solvents CO2 and n-propane form next, just changing from the extracted pies with n-hexane, however the time of extraction with this solvent was higher when compared to the others. The mathematical model of a second order as the Sovová model, applied to the experimental data in the extraction with supercritical CO2 and pressurized n-propane, in all the operational conditions has adjusted to the canola oil.